What is ADHD?
ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It affects how the brain manages attention, planning, and self-control — this is called executive function.
In Te Reo ADHD is called Aroreretini which translates to ’attention goes to many things’.
ADHD impacts how a person:
- pays attention
- organises and plans
- starts and completes tasks
- manages emotions
- regulates themselves to be ready to learn experiences sensory input from the environment
ADHD is not about being lazy or “naughty.” It’s a lifelong neurological condition that affects how the brain processes and responds to information.
The Three Types of ADHD
Not all students experience ADHD in the same way. The main types are:
- Inattentive: Struggles with organisation, completing tasks, or following instructions and conversations.
- Hyperactive-Impulsive: Talks or moves at the wrong times, acts before thinking, or finds it hard to wait their turn.
- Combined: Has traits of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive types.
Recognising ADHD
ADHD looks different in every student, especially if they also experience dyslexia, autism, or other learning needs.
Students may find some tasks more difficult than others in the classroom.
There may be inconsistencies in the way students engage in their learning, particularly around times of stress.
Students may need to move frequently, walk around the room or leave class; this can be a way of regulating themselves.
Only a medical or psychological professional can diagnose ADHD.
Common Signs
| Inattentive | Hyperactive | Impulsive |
| Easily distracted | Always on the move | Acts before thinking |
| Struggles to stay focused | Finds it hard to sit still | Interrupts others |
| Seems not to listen | Trouble switching off or sleeping | Can’t wait for their turn |
| Disorganised | Talks at the wrong time | Blurts out answers |
How ADHD Affects Learning
Studentswith ADHD often shine when given chances to be creative, hands-on, and take the lead.
They may need help managing themselves, their space, and their learning materials.
Support is often needed with:
- Activation: Getting started and staying organised
- Focus: Keeping attention and shifting between tasks
- Effort: Staying on task and processing information
- Emotion: Managing frustration or stress
- Memory: Remembering instructions or steps
- Action: Staying aware of their own behaviour
What You Can Do
Supporting students with ADHD is about removing barriers so they can be successful in their learning.
Tips for Teaching Students with ADHD
- Be understanding of their variability of need in the classroom.
- Celebrate creativity and problem-solving skills.
- Give clear, step-by-step instructions.
- Break big tasks into small, manageable parts.
- Use visual aids like diagrams, checklists, and timers.
- Allow movement breaks or active learning.
- Keep routines predictable but flexible when needed.
- Offer choices to keep them engaged.
- Give regular feedback and encouragement.
- Combine verbal and written instructions.
- Be patient – attention and effort may change day to day.
Further reading:
ADHD NZ – Managing ADHD at tertiary education
For more in the Neurodiversity Series
How to Support students with Reading Difficulties
What is Dysgraphia: Writing Challenges Explained
What is Dyscalculia: Helping Students Navigate Numbers
Understanding students living with ADHD
Dyspraxia: Coordination and Organisation
What is Special Learning Disabilities (SLD)
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
What is Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)